The facts about seasonal affective disorder

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), also known as seasonal depression, is a misunderstood and serious condition that’s often trivialized. Here’s what you should know about it.

SAD isn’t the “winter blues”
SAD is a form of clinical depression that affects around five percent of the American population. The illness is precipitated by changes in season and marks those who live far from the equator. The likelihood of developing SAD increases for anyone who has a family history of it. Symptoms typically include the following:

• Persistent feelings of sadness
• Loss of interest in hobbies and activities
• Sleeping problems
• Trouble concentrating
• Feelings of guilt, hopelessness or worthlessness
• Intrusive thoughts about death or suicide

Depending on the cause and time of year, the symptoms will differ.

Winter-onset SAD
Around 90 percent of SAD sufferers have the winter-onset version. While the precise cause isn’t clear, factors such as reduced levels of sunlight can disrupt one’s internal clock and decrease serotonin levels, both of which can lead to feelings of depression. People who experience SAD during the winter are likely to experience these characteristic symptoms:

• Increased appetite, especially for foods high in carbohydrates
• Weight gain
• Oversleeping
• Lethargy and fatigue

Summer-onset SAD
Since seasonal changes alter melatonin levels, some people experience SAD in the summer. Only about 10 percent of those afflicted with seasonal depression have this particular type. Symptoms may include:

• Insomnia
• Poor appetite
• Weight loss
• Anxiety and feeling agitated

Treatment
Seasonal or otherwise, untreated depression can lead to complications such as social withdrawal, substance abuse, problems at work or school and suicidal thoughts or behavior.

If you or someone you care about is affected by SAD, consult a doctor. Treatment often includes medication, psychotherapy and light therapy, which can reverse the metabolic changes caused by a lack of sunlight. Proper treatment helps prevent complications and makes symptoms easier to manage.

Symptoms of major depression and bipolar disorder may also become worse seasonally, particularly in the winter. Sufferers should take care to guard their health and well-being during the darkest months of the year.