Automotive
A history of roads in Virginia: Getting organized for better roads
Two governors in this period gave strong support to the mushrooming good roads movement. They were Andrew Jackson Montague, the state’s chief executive from 1902 to 1906, and his successor, Claude A. Swanson, who served until 1910. Their recommendations to the General Assembly in 1906 helped set the state government’s course in road development for the years ahead.
Meeting in Richmond, the legislature created the first State Highway Commission, giving final approval to the legislation on March 6, 1906. A state highway commissioner was appointed by the governor with General Assembly confirmation. Legislation required that the commissioner be a Virginia citizen, as well as a “civil engineer and a person well-versed in road-building.”
Legislation also dictated that the commission was to include three professors of civil engineering, one each from the University of Virginia (U.Va.), Virginia Military Institute (VMI), and what was then Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute at Blacksburg. These commission members were chosen by the boards of visitors at the respective institutions.
Gov. Swanson appointed Philip St. Julien Wilson, a Powhatan County native and a civil engineering graduate in the class of 1886 at VMI, as the first commissioner. Wilson was 38 and serving as assistant city engineer for Richmond at the time of his appointment.
Joining Wilson on the first commission were William M. Thornton, dean of the engineering department at U.Va.; Col. T. A. Jones, civil engineering professor at VMI; and Col. R. A. Marr, dean of engineering at Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute.
The law specified that the commissioner “shall have a general supervision of the construction and repair of the main traveled roads in the state; the Commissioner may recommend to the local road authorities of any county, and to the Governor, needed improvements in the public roads; he shall supply technical information on road building to any citizen or officer in the state, and from time to time publish for public use such information as will be generally useful for road improvement.”
While the counties kept the responsibility for actually making the improvements, they now had a new state agency to which they could turn for help. For example, they could apply to the commissioner for civil engineering advice, and if he concluded that a proposed project would be permanent and on a main road and that it was practical, his office would prepare detailed plans and specifications and, at the county’s expense, assign a civil engineer to supervise construction.
The 1906 legislature also established the state convict road force as a source of labor. “All prisoners convicted of a crime and sentenced to either hard labor on the public roads or to imprisonment in jail and all persons imprisoned in jail for the non-payment of fine and costs, shall, when delivered upon order of the superintendent of the penitentiary for such purpose, constitute the state convict road force,” the statute read.
For some years before, convict labor had been available to the counties for road work, but not more than half of the counties used it. After the 1906 legislation, the convict labor was channeled to roads that would benefit the whole state.
The commissioner also encouraged county officials to look beyond their own borders to the importance of working toward a coordinated, statewide highway system because still, to the frustration of early motorists, an improved road in one county might shrink to a rutted trail or disappear entirely in another. Boat or train remained the most certain means of traveling long distances in reasonable comfort.
In the commission’s first annual report to the governor and General Assembly in October 1907, Wilson shed light on the first year’s operation:
“This department being newly established some time was necessarily required for organization and preparation for carrying out the provisions of the law to the best advantage,” he wrote. “Efforts along this line proved that men in the state who were familiar with the work of permanent road improvement were difficult to secure. Competent engineers and foremen are obtainable, but comparatively few with any experience in modern highway construction, and without the services of such men road work cannot be carried on to the best advantage.”
Moreover, he added, “Much preliminary work had to be done by the county authorities before they were actually ready to begin work. The problem of raising the necessary funds to defray the counties’ portion of the expense was, in most instances, a difficult one, and met with many obstacles and delays. The machinery and equipment furnished by the counties has been, in several instances, very inadequate for the proper handling of the work.”
For some months, he wrote, “great difficulty was experienced in securing prisoners from jails for service in the state convict road force, and the number of convicts in the state penitentiary who, under the law, were available for road work was very limited. As a consequence, the organization of the first force was not completed until October 1906, and it was not until well on in December 1906, that we were able to put to work as many as five forces of about 50 men each.”
Wilson observed that while criticism had been voiced in several quarters “about the undesirability, even inhumanity, of using convict labor on public works, all of which may have been justified,” the fact was that “the men in the road camps seem satisfied, and many have expressed to me a preference for this work to remaining in jail.”
The commissioner, after barely more than a year on the job and engaged in what had become largely a mission of public education, also commented on the inadequacy of funds available for road maintenance. It was a problem that had plagued the turnpikes a century before, and it would continue for another decade. “This is a matter of the greatest importance, as even the best constructed roads require frequent, though not expensive, attention to keep them in good condition and to prevent the extensive and costly repairs that the lack of such attention will necessitate,” he wrote. “I would suggest than an amendment to the law be made to the effect that state aid will be extended to the construction of a road only upon condition that the county applying for such aid agree to make suitable provision for the up-keep of the improved road.”
The first improvement project completed with the help of the commission was the road between Williamsburg and Jamestown Island. Most of the road was surfaced with gravel and a mixture of sand and clay; about two miles were macadamized.
The General Assembly in 1906 had appropriated $16,000 to support the fledgling road program for the period from July 1, 1906, when the legislation became effective, to Feb. 28, 1908. It was to pay the salaries of the small staff—the commissioner, his assistant, a bridge engineer, a draftsman, a clerk, and a stenographer—and to furnish the offices and to purchase supplies.
Automotive
Spring Into Clean: Refresh Your Car Post-Winter
As we bid farewell to the cold and welcome the warmth and renewal of spring, it’s the perfect time to show your car some much-needed love. The winter months can be harsh on your vehicle, leaving behind a trail of salt, sand, and chemicals that threaten to mar its appearance and corrode its parts. Here’s how you can rejuvenate your car inside and out, ensuring it shines brightly under the spring sun.
Exterior Care: Wash Away the Winter
A thorough exterior wash is the first step in your car’s spring revival. The remnants of winter—salt, sand, mud, and de-icing agents—pose a significant risk to your car’s bodywork and metallic components. These elements can accelerate rusting and degrade the paintwork, leading to costly repairs down the line.
- Use the Right Products: Always opt for cleaning solutions specifically designed for automotive use. These products are formulated to be gentle on your car’s paint and protective coatings, ensuring a clean finish without damage.
- Don’t Forget the Hidden Spots: Areas such as the inside of the wheel wells and undercarriage often harbor the most grime and are crucial in preventing rust. Paying attention to these less visible spots can go a long way in preserving your car’s integrity and appearance.
Interior Maintenance: A Clean Start
After the exterior, turn your focus inward. Your vehicle’s interior has likely accumulated its fair share of winter’s dirt and debris, not to mention the potential for unpleasant odors to have taken root.
- Vacuum Thoroughly: Begin with a comprehensive vacuuming session, reaching every nook and cranny. Floor mats, seats, and hard-to-reach areas beneath the seats can collect a surprising amount of dirt and need special attention.
- Choose Appropriate Cleaners: Use cleaning agents for the various surfaces inside your car, such as leather, fabric, and plastic. Each material requires a different approach to effectively remove grime without causing damage.
Why It Matters
Spring cleaning your car isn’t just about aesthetics; it’s a preventative measure that extends the life of your vehicle and helps maintain its value. Regular cleaning removes potentially harmful residues and ensures that your car remains in top condition, saving you from future headaches and expenses.
For the best results, equip yourself with quality products from your local automotive retailer, where you can also seek expert advice tailored to your car’s specific needs.
Automotive
The True Cost of Buying a Car: What You Need to Know
Buying a car is a rite of passage for many, symbolizing freedom and independence. However, the ease of purchasing a vehicle often overshadows the significant financial commitment involved. Understanding the full cost of car ownership is crucial for anyone considering this major financial move.
Down Payment and Financing Costs
The standard down payment recommended for a car is 20 percent, according to Kelley Blue Book. While many buyers opt for a smaller down payment, doing so can increase the overall cost of the car due to financing. A report by Go Banking Rates highlighted that, on average, car buyers in 2023 incurred $1,253 annually in financing costs. Over a five-year loan period, this adds up to a substantial $6,265.
Insurance Expenses
Car insurance is another significant expense. For a driver under 65 years old, with six years of driving experience and a clean record, the average annual cost for full coverage is $1,765, based on data from AAA. Additionally, GAP insurance, which covers the difference between the car’s value and the loan balance in case of an accident, can add up to $700 to your annual expenses.
Fuel Costs
Fuel costs are also a major factor in the overall expense of owning a car. According to AAA, the average price of gas is $3.99 per gallon, drivers spend approximately 16 cents per mile to keep their cars running.
Maintenance, Tires, and Repairs
Maintenance is an unavoidable aspect of car ownership. On average, drivers spend about 10 cents per mile on maintenance, tires, and repairs over a five-year period. This maintenance cost is crucial to keep the car in good working condition but adds to the total ownership cost.
Depreciation
It’s important to remember that a car is a depreciating asset. The average vehicle loses $4,538 in value each year, amounting to $22,000 over five years. This significant depreciation underscores that cars are not investments in the traditional sense.
Making a Smart Purchase
Despite these costs, for many, having a car is a necessity. The key to making a wise financial decision lies in choosing a car that truly meets your needs and budgeting for the total cost of ownership. Paying as much as possible upfront and selecting a vehicle that aligns with your requirements can mitigate some of these expenses, making car ownership more financially manageable.
Understanding these costs can help prospective car buyers make informed decisions, ensuring that the joy of driving doesn’t turn into a financial burden.
Automotive
Keeping Your Vehicle in Peak Condition: The Wonders of Well-Inflated and Balanced Tires
When it comes to ensuring your vehicle runs smoothly and efficiently, one aspect that shouldn’t be overlooked is the condition of your tires. The benefits of maintaining well-inflated and perfectly balanced tires are extensive, affecting everything from fuel efficiency to safety. Let’s dive into why this aspect of vehicle maintenance is so crucial.
Importance of Proper Tire Pressure
Regularly checking your tire pressure is a simple yet effective way to enhance your driving experience. With a reliable pressure gauge, you can ensure your tires are inflated according to the manufacturer’s recommendations, ideally once a month. The repercussions of neglecting this are twofold:
- Underinflated Tires: Riding on tires that lack the proper amount of air can lead to premature wear, decreasing their lifespan. This not only affects your wallet due to more frequent replacements but also diminishes fuel efficiency and compromises your vehicle’s stability, making for a less secure and more costly driving experience.
- Overinflated Tires: On the flip side, too much air in your tires can be just as detrimental. Overinflation reduces the tire’s grip on the road, resulting in longer braking distances and a less stable drive, especially noticeable in adverse driving conditions.
The Role of Tire Balance
Another key factor in tire maintenance is ensuring they are balanced. This is crucial whenever you get new tires, have suspension work done, or notice unusual vibrations while driving. Properly balanced tires distribute your vehicle’s weight evenly across all four wheels, leading to a smoother ride by minimizing bumps and jolts. This not only extends the lifespan of your tires but also protects other vital components like the suspension, saving you money on potential repairs.
Balanced tires also improve road grip, contributing to a safer and more enjoyable driving experience. Whether it’s navigating through rain or taking a sharp turn, the stability offered by well-balanced tires can make a significant difference.
Final Thoughts
Maintaining the proper pressure and balance of your tires is an integral part of vehicle care that offers numerous benefits, from improved safety and performance to reduced maintenance costs. For the best results, consider visiting a reputable mechanic who can provide expert services and advice. Remember, a little attention to your tires can go a long way in ensuring happy and safe driving.
Automotive
5 Essential Tips to Shield Your Car’s Interior from Summer Heat
Automotive
Spring Into Action: Essential Car Fluid Checks for a Smooth Ride This Spring
Spring is in the air, and with the warmer weather rolling in, it’s the perfect time to give your car the TLC it deserves. Seasonal changes can take a toll on your vehicle, making spring maintenance crucial to ensure it runs smoothly and safely through the summer months. One key aspect of this routine check is monitoring your car’s fluids. Mechanics emphasize the importance of this step, so let’s dive into what you need to keep an eye on:
- Coolant: As temperatures rise, the risk of your engine overheating does, too. Coolant, also known as antifreeze, plays a pivotal role in keeping your engine at an optimal temperature. Make sure your coolant levels are sufficient, and the fluid hasn’t deteriorated.
- Engine Oil: Your engine’s oil is its lifeblood, providing the necessary lubrication for all moving parts. Dirty or low oil can lead to increased friction, causing wear and tear. Adhere to your vehicle manufacturer’s guidelines for oil changes or top-ups.
- Brake Fluid: The integrity of your brake fluid directly impacts your ability to stop your car effectively. Keep it clean and at the recommended level. Any signs of leaks or degradation should prompt a visit to a mechanic for a professional evaluation.
- Power Steering Fluid: Smooth steering is facilitated by power steering fluid. To avoid steering difficulties, promptly address any leaks or low fluid levels.
- Windshield Washer Fluid: Good visibility is non-negotiable for safe driving. Ensure your windshield washer fluid reservoir is filled with the appropriate seasonal fluid to clear away debris or residues effectively.
- Transmission Fluid: For those with automatic transmissions, maintaining the correct level of clean fluid is essential for proper operation. This often-overlooked check can prevent costly repairs down the line.
Scheduling a visit to your mechanic for comprehensive spring maintenance, including a thorough fluid check, can extend your car’s lifespan and ensure it’s in top condition. Embrace the warmer days ahead with confidence, knowing your vehicle is prepared for whatever the road brings.
Automotive
Ultimate Guide to Cleaning Your Car Seats: Leather vs. Fabric
Maintaining your car’s interior is just as important as its exterior, and the seats are no exception. Whether you’re dealing with the luxurious touch of leather or the comfort of traditional fabric, each material requires a specific approach to cleaning. Let’s dive into how you can keep both leather and fabric car seats looking their best and ensure your vehicle remains a comfortable, inviting space.
Leather Seats: Preserving Elegance
Leather seats bring an element of sophistication to your vehicle’s interior, but without proper care, they can easily lose their luster. Here’s how to maintain them:
- Dust and Dirt Removal: Begin with a gentle vacuum using a soft brush attachment to avoid scratching the leather. This step removes the surface dirt and prepares the leather for deeper cleaning.
- Leather Cleaning: Opt for a high-quality leather cleaner and apply it with a soft cloth. Gently rub the cleaner onto the leather surfaces, steering clear of products containing harsh chemicals or solvents that might damage the leather’s finish or texture.
- Conditioning: After cleaning, use a leather conditioner. This product helps nourish the leather, keeping it supple and preventing it from drying out or cracking, thus extending its life and beauty.
Fabric Seats: Practical Comfort
Fabric seats may not require the same level of care as leather, but they still need regular attention to remain clean and odor-free. Here’s what you can do:
- Regular Vacuuming: Frequent vacuuming is essential for fabric seats to remove crumbs, dust, and pet hair. It’s the first line of defense against dirt accumulation.
- Stain Removal: For spot cleaning, use a mild stain remover. Testing it on a hidden area first is crucial to ensure it won’t discolor or damage the fabric.
- Wash Seat Covers: If your car has removable fabric seat covers, wash them according to the manufacturer’s instructions. This can significantly freshen up your car’s interior.
- Fabric Cleaner: For persistent smells or deeper cleans, apply a fabric cleaner designed for vehicle upholstery. This can help rejuvenate your seats and eliminate lingering odors.
Final Thoughts
Keeping your car’s interior clean not only enhances the driving experience but also preserves the value of your vehicle. Whether you’re dealing with leather or fabric, regular maintenance is key. For the best results, invest in high-quality cleaning products from your local car care retailer and follow these tips to ensure your seats remain in top condition.